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Questions On Personal Code Of Ethics Essay - 1347 Words

Patrick Gasso Ethics October 24, 2016 Ed5151 Personal Code of Ethics Preamble: Pharmacists are among the most trusted healthcare professionals due to upholding their moral and ethical obligations to promote the health and well being of the patient. This personal code of ethics, based upon the values and moral responsibilities that I will follow as a pharmacist, focuses on the guiding principles that are essential to ensure a patient-centered approach to ethical decision-making in the practice of pharmacy. Principle I: As a pharmacist, I vow to promote the autonomy of the patient in order to strengthen the patient-pharmacist relationship. Autonomy refers to the right of the patient to make decisions about their medical care without the influence of the provider. I will promote autonomy by obtaining informed (or implied, when necessary) consent in all facets of healthcare. Informed consent includes explaining to the patient the nature of the care, alternatives to the proposed care, as well as potential risks and benefits. Patient autonomy not only strengthens and preserves the profession of pharmacy, but also enhances public trust by ensuring that patients have the freedom to direct their own actions. A situation where I utilized the principle of autonomy involves a 92-year old patient that frequently visits the pharmacy for her medications. This patient is hard-of-hearing and generally presents to the pharmacy with her caregiver. In one instance, the patient was picking upShow MoreRela tedAffect of Cultural Values And Personal Ethics in Business Decisions1221 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal, organizational, and cultural values can create a difficult problem when trying to make a business decision that includes all the previously stated. Personal values are what each individual holds dear to them living the types of lives that he or she like and would like to lead. Organizational values are what are best for the company to maintain a good public image and employee guidance. Cultural are set on traditions handed down from generation to generation to preserve a way of livingRead MoreBp’s Code of Ethics: Our Commitment to Integrity Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesBP’s Code of Ethics: Our Commitment to Integrity A company’s code of ethics is a written set of guidelines issued by an organization to its workers and management to help them conduct their actions in accordance with its primary values and ethical standards. A code of ethics is essential for the professional functioning of a business. I have chosen to analyze BP’s code of ethics. BP’s code of ethics main statement is as follows â€Å"The BP code of conduct stands for a fundamental BP commitmentRead MoreThe Impact Of Information Technology On Society And Cultures1484 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation technology advancements. Conversely, in the present time, information technology can be considered a part of every educational institutions, business, and even personal activity. This paper stands to give light to the growing influence of the information technology field and whether the development of a code of ethics would be advisable to focus on the challenges in the usage of information technology. Along with the intensification of information technology use in societies, there is aRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Issues1311 Words   |  6 Pagesimplored to examine their personal, moral and ethical value systems and codes they work from in an attempt to assist them in developing an informed ethical conscience for making sound moral and ethical judg ments. The author presents ethical dilemmas throughout the book which readers are encouraged to work through. The book is comprised of 14 chapters which are subdivided into three parts with respective part titles being: ethical issues and codes; theoretical orientations to ethics and; legal and ethicalRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Workplace923 Words   |  4 Pagesaudience an overview of the ethics of the workplace related to the issues of ownership, privacy and monitoring in a working environment. There are practical examples to demonstrate how ethics play an important role in working environments related to information privacy but still there is less consensus on uniquely identifying specific ethical issues. Employees at different organization may define ethics from their own perspective which makes it difficult to implement code of conducts that have beenRead MoreDunkin Donuts Code of Ethics Analysis Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesA code of ethics is a formal document in which is used to assist members of an organization, to know what’s ‘right’ and what is ‘wrong’ in the work place and applying it to their decisions. A code of ethics is a written set of rules or guidelines to help the workers and management ‘conduct’ or direct their actions with its primary values and ethical standards. A code of ethics is important because without it, employees and management wouldn’t have guidelines and the establishment would resembleRead MoreEthical Implications Of A Critical Legal Case For The Counseling Profession844 Words   |  4 PagesDavid Kaplan discusses the Code of Ethics while counseling in his Journal â€Å"Ethical Implications of a Critical Legal Case for the Counseling Profession: Ward v. Wilbanks†. In this journal the case Ward v. Wilbanks is discussed on the basis of discrimination and refusal of counseling. This journal explores the background of a case filed by the ADF ( Alliance Defending F reedom, formally known as the Alliance Defense Fund) on behalf of Julea Ward against Eastern Michigan University. Ms. Ward refusedRead MoreDecision-Making within the Healthcare Industry: The Importance of Individual Ethics949 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual ethics are important in decision-making within the health care industry. One of the main reasons for that is because often ethical dilemmas occur at lower decision-making levels, and this means that the decision is being made by one person, facing a difficult situation that must be resolved quickly. Another reason that individual ethics are important in health care is that often a manager is unaware that there is an ethical dilemma. Thus, by failing to recognize the ethical dilemma, theRead MorePersonal Code of Ethics Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Code of Ethics Having a personal code of ethics is very important to me since it defines who I am and what my beliefs are. My ethical code symbolizes who I am as an individual as a result of my moral, religious, intellectual and cultural upbringing. One of my greatest wishes is for my personality and actions to clearly define my code of ethics, without me verbalizing or someone else reading it on a document. Some questions that I would like others to ask and come up with theirRead MoreEssay on Codes of Practice1513 Words   |  7 PagesEthics and values apply to our personal and professional lives. Ethics are a notion of one’s actions, which originates from ideology of an individual doing what is right not wrong. According to the dictionary ethics is the â€Å"branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions.† These beliefs are amassed to help a person determine how their actions will

Bartleby Analysis Essay Example For Students

Bartleby Analysis Essay Since he will not quit me, I must quit him. quot;Ah Bartleby, Ah Humanity. quot; (Page 140, Herman Melville) This is the key to Bartleby, written by Herman Melville, for it indicates that Bartleby stands as a symbol for humanity. This in turn functions as a commentary on society and the working world, for Bartleby is a seemingly homeless, mentally disturbed scrivener who gives up on the prospect of living life. However, by doing so Bartleby is attempting to exercise his freewill, for he would quot;prefer not toquot; work. His relationship to the narrator is thus significant, for as he attempts to exercise his freewill he is breaking from the will of the narrator and the normal progression of life. However, this attempt to exercise his freewill and break loose from the confines of typical societal functions, isolates Bartleby from society, which in turn places him in a state of depression and soon there after, death. Ultimately, by having Bartleby quot;prefer not to,quot; Melville is commenting on the role of humanity in the work force. If man attempts to break free of his role and exercise his own freewill then he is severing himself from humanity which in turn will lead to depression and perhaps death, for he will have nothing but a wall always obstructing him. From the beginning Bartleby is isolated within the confines of his work place. quot;I procured a high green folding screen, which might entirely isolate Bartleby from my sight, though not remove him from my voice.quot;( pg 111) In this quotation the narrator put Arnold, Page 2 up a screen to separate his office from Bartlebys, which isolates him from the other members of the staff which thus isolates him from humanity. However, this is not the end of the isolation for he is not only detached from those around him, but society as well. ;quot;I placed his desk close up to a small side window, a window that had originally afforded a view of certain grimy backyards, but which commanded at present, no view at all. Within three feet of the pains was a wall.;quot; (pg 110-111) This quotation demonstrates Bartlebys total isolation from society, for even his window, usually a form of escape, traps Bartelby behind another wall, which thus reinforces absolute isolation. Ultimately, every aspect of Bartlebys life further expounds upon the motif of solitude. Bartalbys attempt to exercise his freewill eventually leads him into an even more alienated state as he estranges himself from his coworkers and his boss, the narrator. This resulted from a refusal to follow the orders of the narrator, for he refused to work or even communicate with him. His only response soon became quot;I would prefer not to,quot; which shows his lack of involvement and in turn his decision not to interact in society, for he gave up what little life he still had. Ultimately, what he was doing, was preferring not to live, but instead just exist. Melville, is thus commenting on the work force by demonstrating through Bartlebys continual descend into the abysmal, society confines you behind walls and that if you give in and choose to stop living you will waste away as Bartleby did. Consequently, Bartleby after having alienated himself so fully was then left to his own devices. ;quot;Since he will not quit me, I must quit him. I will change my offices; I will move elsewhere.;quot; (pg 132-133) He was deserted completely, for he was no longer living. Arnold, Page 3 He continued to breathe, he continued to exist, but he was no longer of any use to society. As he severs himself from humanity, Bartleby is unaware of the consequences. However, these consequences as displayed by Melville, comment upon the impact that the work force can have upon mankind. Through Bartleby, he demonstrates that once you give up on life, everyone around will give up on you in turn, as the narrator did with Bartleby, for you have become an obstruction, much like the walls surrounding Bartleby. .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 , .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 .postImageUrl , .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 , .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499:hover , .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499:visited , .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499:active { border:0!important; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499:active , .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499 .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae706313c043d0557ee3e818df2ed499:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hi, My Name Is Katie Hughes And This Is My Friend Sarah Seal. We Live Essay In the end, his self-will was what led him to death. For his decision to withdraw from society and further seclude himself led to the disintegration of his soul. He lost all desire

The Birth and Evolution of Atonal Music Essay Example

The Birth and Evolution of Atonal Music Essay Arnold Schoenberg, a German composer, is the father of the atonal music.   In the 20th century, the emergence of the latter became a major issue because the new style was an outgrowth of the post-Brahmsian and post-Wagnerian musical languages.   Its evolution is rooted in the desire to evoke change, starting out as an â€Å"emotional form of expression†, and then, gradually projecting a more objective outlook.   Before World War I, the developments in the fields of literature and painting also paved its way to making history since 1908.   Another major contributor is the twelve-tone system – the horizontal and vertical arrangement of the tones that give equal emphasis to each one.   The setting is in Vienna, the undisputed musical capital of Austro-Germany, where the best minds of Freud, Kokoschka, Loos, Schnitzler, Altenberg, and Kraus were at work (Samson, 1995, p. 60).   These big names, as well as other composers such as Reger, Mahler, Wagner, and Straus s were a dynamic influence in the composer. A melodic, thematic, motival, and harmonic deviation from the compositions of leading German musicians of the time, i.e. Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, Max Reger, and even Schoenberg’s teacher, Alexander Zemlinsky, atonal music is characterised by the absence of key (Simms, 2000, p. 3).  Ã‚   The music is purely instinctive, ignoring both consciousness and awareness of context.   Atonal music is believed to have slightly or considerably obscured tonalities in varying degrees, which may render it non-perceptible.   The only music that is really non-tonal or atonal is based on chromatic clusters of semitones (or even smaller intervals), where no single tones can predominate (Brindle, 1986, p. 111).   Schoenbergian music is also characterized by the free treatment of dissonance, attenuation, and outrà © expressivity and is viewed as an abstract formal structure. We will write a custom essay sample on The Birth and Evolution of Atonal Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Birth and Evolution of Atonal Music specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Birth and Evolution of Atonal Music specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Egon Wellesz, a student of Schoenberg, coined the term atonal for his teacher’s new style.   He explains the music to be complicated and incomprehensible even to Schoenberg himself; there is no rational and technical explanation, only an intuitive musical feeling (Simms, 2000, p. 8).   Other terms given to atonality are non-music, unpleasant and ugly music, â€Å"music written in non-definite keys†, and atonic (for translation purposes).   The music of Josef Matthias Hauer posed a rival to Schoenberg’s atonal music in 1921.   Because of this, the latter associated the names polytonal and pantonal to mean atonality. As opposed to tonal music, atonal has no direct relationship or connection with â€Å"tone†.     Simms (2000) noted that In atonal music, there is free and equal use of the entire chromatic scale of tones, not just the seven notes of a major or minor scale.   Schoenberg asserted that even music that is considered atonal likewise exemplifies tonality because of the interrelationship of tones, whether wounded by a single or complicated connection (p. 9).   But still, he emphasized that atonal music did not have a key (p. 10). The production of atonal music involves a variety in the chords’ makeup as well as freedom in and abandonment of the relationship between key and tonic note and chord.   The latter suggests ignoring the conventional harmonies.     Ã‚  Brindle (1986) also added that to create atonal music, one must first create a tonal framework and then obscure it (p. 111).   The use of note-combinations that do not suggest tonalities is another option.   Consequently, diatonic and chromatic substitution notes (a note that takes the place of a harmony note adjacent to it) are two ways of achieving obscurity of tones. Schoenberg continued on to explain the many ways of weakening functional harmony, namely the absence of passing tones, abundance of â€Å"vagrant† chords, aufgehoben (suspended tonality), schwebend (wavering of tonality) and the â€Å"impressionistic† or â€Å"coloristic† use of chords.   The former is referred to as Stufenreichtum (richness of degrees). Some of Schoenberg’s famous works include Four Orchestral Songs (1913), Op. 22 (1914), George songs and Op. 15 (before 1912), Pierrot lunaire, opera Erwartung, Five Orchestra Pieces, Op. 16, Six Little Piano Pieces, First String Quartet, and many others.   His music of tonally dissonant composition were an elaboration and extension of the old diatonic and chromatic harmony rather than a revolutionary reversal of it (Nicholls, 1991, p. 90).   The George songs, Op. 15 are a concrete example of atonal music.   Although it catered only to a selected number of audiences, atonal music endured to influence the works of his students, Anton Webern and Alan Berg, Pierre Boulez, Milton Babbit, Olivier Messiaen, Elliot Carter, and Wolfgang Rihm.   Specifically, Stravinsky’s nightingale music in the second act of the Le Rossignol is quite similar to Schoenberg’s Pierrot Lunaire.   The Rite of Spring by the same composer is also noted to have influenced the said oper a. Schoenberg’s inspirations for this new style namely poetry, a new intensity of expressions, and liberation from the formalities of music, are all Dionysian in nature.   The birth of atonality occurred simultaneously with the works of other composers, i.e. Bela Bartok’s Fourteen Bagatelles, Aleksandr Scriabin’s Prometheus, and Charles Ives’ Set No.1 for Small Orchestra (Simms, 2000, p.7). This is indeed proof of a widespread and cooperative effort for change in the world of music. Tonal or Atonal Music Cecil Taylor, a jazz composer achieved atonality in his composition by allowing his music to spill over areas other than the center of tonal gravity itself (Schuller, 1989, p. 66).   Despite this fixation, many critics have lobbied on the different meanings conferred upon â€Å"tonality† and â€Å"tonal†, rendering Taylor’s works neither and either atonal.   According to Schuller (1989), One definition is the indication of a specific harmonic system and another, the intervallic relationships between tones.   Much of Taylor’s works have not ventured out into non-tonal areas; this supports the first claim.   Moreover, the determining force of note choice lies in the underlying chord structure of some works.   His less conservative Transition Lp is on the borderline of being tonal and atonal. Atonal Music and Its Critics The new style did not escape criticisms.   Historians, writers and musicians alike had a lot to say about the characteristic of the atonal music as a necessary expression of its time, taking into consideration the stressful crisis brought about the revolution of music during the turn of the century (Simms, 2000, p. 4).   Still other critics said it was a unique showcase of the composer’s emotions, his traumatic experiences during WWI, thus imparting to his listeners the brutality and severity of the reality of wars and chaos.   A sense of hope amidst the harshness of life is likewise offered by atonal music. Conclusion The advancement in technology has not spared the field of music.   However, the young musicians and composers of today have already been spared from misconceptions and prejudices of the evolution of their music.   This is simply because today is a time when everything is compiled and compacted under one small box and presented neatly.   Research need not be quite extensive given the rampant recordings and studios, live performances and analytical books and articles (Schuller, 1989, p. 140).   The negligence of the importance and relevance of 20th century music (especially the atonal music of Schoenberg) to the type that has emerged today is a shameful reality.   Teachers and professors in the field need to reconsider this profound loss. As any piece of art, music can be perceived either with wide acceptance or extreme criticism.   What matters in any artistic procedure or technique or system is not what it is, but what it had become, what it can create – a hard lesson many critics seem to have difficulty learning (Schuller, 1989, p. 66).   For atonal music, with or without the presence of tones, a simple or complicated interrelationship between them (the latter results in the style’s tones’ non-perceivability), the important thing to note is what the style has become and helped to create – the powerful and dynamic music that people of today can be proud of passing on to the next generations. References Brindle, R.S. (1986). Musical Composition. Oxford University Press. Nicholls, D. (1991). American Experimental Music, 1890-1940. Cambridge University Press. Samson, J. (1995). Music in Transition: A Study of Tonal Expansion and Atonality, 1900-1920. Oxford University Press. Simms, B.R. (2000). The Atonal Music of Arnold Schoenberg, 1908-1923. US: Oxford University Press. Schuller, G. (1989). Musings: The Musical Worlds of Gunther Schuller. US: Oxford University Press.

nerve supply Essays

nerve supply Essays nerve supply Essay nerve supply Essay Sympathetic nerve supply- the sympathetic nervous supply is apart of ther autonomis nervous system the sympathetic nerves start from the spinal column and carry on to the middle of the spinal cord called the lateral horn. It starts at the spinal cords first segment and goes on to the lumbard segment, the main function of the sympathetic nerve supply is the mobilization of the nervous system to have a response. The sympathetic nerve supply increases heart rate, contraction and also blood pressure. Parasympathetic nerve supply- the parasympathetic nerve supply is pposite to the sympathetic as the parasympathetic decreases heart rate, contraction, and blood pressure. The system is responsible for stimulation of the body when it is resting especially after eating, digestion, sexual arousal, tears and also waste. The recommened blood sugar levels for a non diabetic 4-5. 9 mmol/l and for diabetic individuals there recommened blood sugar levels before meals should be around 4-7 mmol/l. If the body has a lot of glucose in the blood than the body will realease insulin into the blood, insulin is used by the body as a hormone that turns ost of the food we eat into energy and insulin helps our body store energy that we can use ata later date when the body needs it. After we eat a meal insulin causes the sugar that we receive from our food to go from the blood to all of the bodys cells to make sugar,fat and also protein. Insulin is produced by our own insulin that is made in the pancreas gland or taken by injection. And if blood glucose levels fall glucagon is realeased into the blood stream to raise blood glucose levels and this is a part of homeostasis. at I have written about so far I would say are both strengths of homeostasis because when the body has been in these states homeostasis has kicked In to regulate these problems, for example when the body is cold homeostasis works as it allows the body to shiver which in turn warms up the body, and also when the body has been low on sugar it ensures that the correct things happen so that the bodys blood sugar levels can return to how they should be. Another strength of homeostasis is that it controls respiratory rate

The Best AP Environmental Science Notes to Study With

The Best AP Environmental Science Notes to Study With SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It can be a challenge tostudy for any AP test, AP Environmental Science included. Because this class covers so many different areas, including science, law, and current events, it can be toughto keep your notes straight.Whether you’re missing some notes or you want them organized more clearly, this guide is for you. I’ve put together a list of links to AP Environmental Science notes and vocabulary that you can easily browse through to supplement your studying.I’ll also go over how to use these notes and end with tips to help make your studying more effective. How to Use These AP Environmental Science Notes The notes can be used for targeting studying throughout the course as well as your end of the year review for the AP exam.The notes don’t cover every topic on the AP Environmental Science Exam (particularly the Global Change section), so don’t rely on them exclusively for your studying.Supplement these notes with your notes from class, your textbook, and any review books you purchase. Using these notes gives you an organized way to sort through the material covered by the AP Environmental Science exam, and the vocabulary links can help you easily learn how well you know different terms and concepts commonly tested on the exam. While studying for the AP exam, you should also be regularly taking practice tests.Passive studying isn’t enough to earn a high score on the AP test; you want to make sure you’re actively engaging with the material and regularly checking your progress.We have an entireguide on practice test materialsthat you can use to choose the practice quiz or test you want to take. Early on in the year, you can use these notes in conjunction with practice tests by studying a certain topic or topics, then taking a practice quiz on that same topic to see how well you understood and retained the information from the notes. Later in the year, after taking complete practice tests, you can review the questions you missed to see which topics are your weakest, then find those topics in these notes and prioritize them in your studying. The AP Environmental Science Notes The notes are organized by the seven major topics the course covers. Within each major topic are more specific areas of focus.The notes below come from CourseNotes and give detailed outlines on their topic of focus.There’s no images or fancy formatting to increase the visual appeal of the notes, but they do a good job of covering the topic in-depth and separating the outline into different groups so you can quickly see which areas are covered. The vocabulary links also come from CourseNotes. They are organized by chapter from the 13th edition of the Living in the Environment textbook which is why they are slightly out of order when sorted by the seven major topics, as they are below. The vocabulary notes give brief definitions for each of the major keywords you need to know for AP Environmental Science. 1. Earth Systems and Resources Notes Earth Science Concepts The Atmosphere Environmental Philosophies Vocabulary Chapter 1: Environmental Issues, Their Causes, and Sustainability Chapter 2: Environmental History, an Overview Chapter 10: Geology 2. The Living World Notes Energy Flow Ecosystem Diversity Biological Communities Biomes Vocabulary Chapter 3: Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy Chapter 4: Ecosystems Chapter 5: Evolution and Biodiversity Chapter 6: Biogeography Chapter 7: Aquatic Ecology Chapter 8: Community Ecology 3. Population Notes Population Biology Concepts Human Population Vocabulary Chapter 9: Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, and Conservation Biology Chapter 12: The Human Population 4. Land and Water Use Notes Agriculture Water Global Economics Vocabulary Chapter 13: Food Resources Chapter 14: Water Resources Chapter 15: Geologic Resources 5. Energy Resources and Consumption Notes Conventional Energy Sustainable Cities and Personal Action Sustainable Energy Vocabulary Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 6. Pollution Notes Pollution Types Air Pollution Water Pollution Impacts on the Environment and Human Health Vocabulary Chapter 11: Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health Chapter 17: Air and Air Pollution Chapter 19: Water Pollution Chapter 21: Solid and Hazardous Waste 7. Global Change Notes Pests Vocabulary Chapter 18: Climate Change and Ozone Loss Chapter 20: Pesticides and Pest Control Chapter 22: Sustaining Wild Species Chapter 23: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity AP Environmental Science Formulas These short guides (also fromCourseNotes) include many of the common formulas you’ll use and need to understand for AP Environmental Science. Acid Rain Air Pollution Control and Prevention Air Pollution Formulas Ozone Formation and Destruction Photochemical Smog The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle Additional Notes These notes don’t fit into the seven major topics of the class, but they can also be useful for your studying. Major Environmental Laws The Environmental Laws notes also come from CourseNotes, and they give a brief overview of each of the most important environmental laws that have been passed in the United States. Complete Course Overview The Complete Course Overview is from Scribd, and it gives a summary of the entire AP Environmental Science course, organized by the seven major topics. It’s a lot of information to take in all at once, but if you’d like a document that touches on all the topics you need to know for the exam, this can be a very helpful resource. AP Environmental Science Study Strategies As I mentioned above, flipping passively through your notes isn’t enough to get a high score on the AP Environmental Science exam. Follow these study tips to help you get the most out of your review. Tip 1: Think About How Topics Are Related Knowing each topic in isolation won’t help you much on the AP Environmental Science exam. Even if you know every single fact about the water cycle, if you can’t explain how it relates to other earth processes, how it affects and is affected by humans, how it has been affected by climate change, and other connections, then you’ll miss a majority of questions on the exam. AP Environmental Science is a very interdisciplinary class, and one of the foundational themes of the class is that the Earth is an interconnected system.Many questions will ask you to make connections between multiple topics, so practice doing this when you’re reviewing your notes. If you’re studying the atmosphere, for example, think about how the atmosphere affects animal and plant life on earth, how it affects other earth cycles, how it affects human populations, what the causes and effects of air pollution are, how the atmosphere is influencing and being influenced by climate change, and the changes humans can make, related to the atmosphere, to increase sustainability. Tip 2: Don't Forget About Calculations On both the multiple-choice and free-response sections of the exam, you’ll be asked to complete calculations, and these will have to be done by hand since you aren’t allowed a calculator for any part of the test.These calculations aren’t overly difficult (they’re mostly solving equations), but if you’re rusty on solving math problems by hand, you’ll want to practice this skill. Struggling or taking a long time to solve these calculation questions can easily eat into your time for other questions and prevent you from finishing the test. In order to prevent that, make sure you practice data set free-response questions and multiple-choice questions that require calculations.Looking through the Science Formulas notes above will also help you become more familiar with the calculations you may be asked to do on the exam. Tip 3: Know Major Environmental Events AP Environmental Science isn’t strictly a science class; it also includes recent and current events as well as some law, among other topics.Unlike the other AP science courses, you can’t just know the scientific aspects of environmental science;you also need to know about major environmental events. Studying the notes on Major Environmental Laws will help, and also use your notes fromclass to review other non-law environmental events.It can also be very helpful to keep up on the news and knowwhat the current major environmental issues are. Conclusion Having a set of organized notes can help you manage your AP Environmental Science studying much more easily and quickly access notes on topics you want to review.These notes cover topics from each of the course’s seven major topics, as well as vocabulary, relevant formulas, and major environmental laws. When reviewing your notes, be sure to keep these three tips in mind: Think about how topics are related Don't forget about calculations Know major environmental events What's Next? Now that you have your AP Enviro notes, how should you use them in your review? Check out this guide to see a step-by-step review plan for AP Environmental Science. Want some more practice tests and quizzes to enhance your studying? You've got it! We have a ton ofpractice resources for you to use to study for the AP Enviro exam, and, in the guide, we tell you whateach resource is best for. How many AP classes should you take? Learn exactly how many AP classes you should enroll in based on your interests and college goals. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Alternative media Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alternative media - Case Study Example The conventional methods are getting old for consumers and a new method which caught my eye when I received a text message informing me about the new pizza place that had opened recently, in my vicinity. I had no clue, about the advertising method and the method they acquired my number. Bulk SMS Advertising After a little research it got clear that texting a list of cell phone numbers for a specific product is the latest method of advertising. It is cheap and a specific consumer community can be targeted. Teenagers in our community hang out a lot in pizza restaurants, filling out forms in which they leave their contact numbers, as it is a part of the feedback card in these restaurants. These pizza restaurants contact companies like squidoo.com which are online ventures setup for the convenience of people and companies that do not have a lot of funds or advertising. Conclusion This latest method of advertising is cheap and is hassle free. Neither do a lot of companies have to be paid nor people, to take fliers across the town to tell about something new or old for that matter of fact. Intelligent and innovative methods like SMS marketing have a big role in the future for the product-consumer relationship. Works Cited squidoo. â€Å"SMS Advertising†. (06-04-2011).

Organizational Change Plan Implementation II Research Paper

Organizational Change Plan Implementation II - Research Paper Example In the particular case of Winds Psychiatric Hospital, the introduction of Electronic Medical Records is expected to bring about significant changes in the operational changes of the organization. The change will inject the element of efficiency in the processes of billing, storage, and general management of records and information. The necessity of this change is to be understood in terms of the need to increase the efficiency and quality of services to the clients. The Electronic Medical Records will also impact positively on aspects of staff satisfaction since it will help solve the challenge of work-related stress, which is associated with the cumbersome and tedious manual processes of information management at the facility. The implementation and efficacy of this change will depend significantly on the organizational structure of the facility and the willingness of the workers to adopt the changes. Essentially, this change in organization is expected to solve the logistical chall enges that have slowed administrative and clinical processes at the Winds Psychiatric Hospital. ... in the processes of organizational change is important in shielding the process from the weaknesses that could be resident in a single method (Burke, 2010). It helps to enrich the judgment of the analysts in a manner that provides the most appropriate, credible, and reliable information of the implementation process. This helps in development of suitable actions and interventions. Benchmarking Through benchmarking, the process will make use of specific performance indicators, which shall be used to guide change management decisions. As an evaluation method, benchmarking is often preferred because it allows the implementers to observe the performing and performing elements of the change process (Grembergen, 2001). In the course of monitoring, benchmarking will assist in exposing the poorly performing parts of the change and the better performing aspects of the change program. The development of benchmark will involve the generation of data on the specifics of record management and cli nical processes that are targeted for change through the Electronic Medical Records program. For instance, data on time taken to accomplish certain tasks will be recorded and measured against set standards in order to evaluate the effect of change on the program. Different benchmarks will be set for the different programs that fall under the organizational change program in order to distinguish between the different levels of success across the categories. It is expected that different aspects of the program will respond in varying ways following the introduction of Electronic Medical Records program at the Winds Psychiatric Hospital. Process Evaluation The choice of process evaluation as a monitoring method is appropriate for the reason that it works at the level of implementation and

Children with Linguistic Differences Essay Example for Free

Children with Linguistic Differences Essay In today’s classroom, it is common to have a student who speaks English as a second language. The teachers today should have knowledge of linguistic diversity and apply what they know to assist those children. According to our text, language is one of the aspects that define diversity and it is one of the fundamental tools of cultural acquisition and a part of a child’s cultural identity (Robles de Melendez Beck, 2009). As educators, we must assure those children who speak English as a second language have the same education as English speaking children. In a child’s learning environment, no matter what language that child speaks, they should be comfortable and familiar with the things that surround them. It is important to label a child’s environment with the different languages that the children speak in the classroom. If a child’s native language is Spanish, French or German, there should be a corresponding labels in that language on shelves, tables, toys and doors. Other materials that is used in a classroom that assist with linguistic diversity is age appropriate books, printed materials such as newspapers, flyers and signs in different languages and music from diverse cultures (Robles de Melendez, 2009). When you have a classroom of different languages, it is necessary to understand what is going on in the children’s mind as you speak a language that they are not familiar or comfortable with. We need to understand, expect, and feel comfortable with the natural responses (e.g., laughter, first language use, silence and fatigue) that occur when our students  participate in interactions in which they are not completely proficient in their language (Curran, 2003). Teachers should respect the fact that students that are English Language Learners or ELL may want to speak their native language. It could get frustrating at first trying to learn and understand what they are saying but it is the say when the tables are turned and the student get frustrated when they do not understand what the teacher is saying. Individual lesson plans can be used to connect with a child and build their language skills. Themed lesson plans also help children connect with their own language. In any classroom, educators must not assume what a child knows or what they need to know. Assessments must be done to know what steps are needed to teach the children in the class. This is especially important when you have children with linguistic diversity. Teachers of young children in today’s diverse classrooms need to confirm that their teaching strategies meet the needs of their students (Robles de Melendez Beck, 2009). To make sure that the teachers are getting the right information, the classroom should be assessed for linguistic diversity. Some ways to do this is to talk to the parents and family members, doing observations of bilingual interactions and using questionnaires and surveys. Once you know what kind of diversity you have in the classroom, then the classroom should be analyzed to figure out how to teach the students. This is done by assessing the topics that are taught, how they are taught and what resources are used to teach. It is important to maintain open communication with the child’s parents and families. We as educators should not try to eliminate the child’s first language but preserve it and assist them with the second language. Through different activities geared towards a child’s first language will help keep the child culture meaningful. Parent can assist by singing songs in their native language or just playing games that are native to their country. Continue to invite the families into the program to allow them to share their experiences with the classroom and this would help the children and families feel welcomed. There are two typed of knowledge that is necessary to teach linguistic diversity and they are the knowledge of practices of second language acquisition and the knowledge of cultural ideas. Having the mere knowledge of how important it is to preserve the first language and acquire the second language and knowing a little something about the culture that is being taught. As early childhood educators, it must be understood that the role that language plays in the life of a child vital to their learning environment. It is important that children with linguistic differences be supported. Through the classroom environment, experiences, assessments, keeping an open communication with the parents and the information that the teacher knows, the children will be able to get the best education not matter whether English is their first or second language. References Curran, M. (2003). Linguistic Diversity and Classroom Management. Theory Into Practice, 42(4), 334-340. Robles de Martinez, W., Beck, V. (2009). Teaching young children in multicultural classrooms: Issues, concepts, and strategies. (3 ed.). Belmont, Canada: Wadsworth.

Essay on Music :: Music Musician

From the rock and roll music of today, to the jazz and big band music of the thirties, all the way to tribal drums and the chanting of monks, music is ever present in society. What is it about music that allows it to transcend time? Music is not something that can be easily explained. How would one define the way simple rhythms and melodies can create an entire world? Music is free and undefined. It is not hindered by language barriers, and its only boundaries are within the imagination of the musician or composer. Music is the essence of passion and contains endless possibilities. To write a piece of music, a composer cannot simply throw together random notes. They have to think about what sounds will capture the feelings and sensations they are attempting to convey. Writing music is a form of expression. The end product shows a piece of the maker. Just as a poet searches for the perfect combination of words, so a composer carefully selects notes and instruments to create a melody. But, as much effort goes into writing music, a musician does not simply read the notes on a page and mindlessly reproduce them. A musician must determine what the music is about, and then portray that message. What makes a musician great is the ability to put a part of themselves into what they are playing. They must make the music come alive. In some cases a musician isn’t even reading music. In many jazz pieces there are improvisation solos. This means the soloist is playing by ear, they have no music to look at. The soloist listens to the chords and harmonies happening within the band and then creates a melody. Improving is about feeling the music and intuitively grasping where it is going. Music is not a science. A musician can play the notes and rhythms written on a page perfectly, but unless they throw themselves into the music and become a part of it, the music will be bland and emotionless. Music is never apathetic. Musicians only connect to their audience by entwining their fervor and passion into each strand of the music.

To Kill a Mocking Bird Summary

To Kill a Mocking Bird Summary Essay Scout Finch is growing up in a hot, tired Alabama town, where there is nothing to buy and nothing to buy it with. She and her older brother, Jem, live with their father, Atticus, the local lawyer, and their cook, Calpurnia, close to downtown Maycomb. They're all related by blood or marriage to everyone in town, so it's a close-knit group to say the least. As our story begins, summer has just started. Scout is six, and Jem is ten, and they have just discovered a boy hiding in their next door neighbors turnip greens.He's a scrawny kid who's name is Dill, and the three become instant friends as soon as it's revealed that Dill has already seen â€Å"Dracula†, which gives him instant credibility. As summer progresses and favorite games become old hat, Scout, Jem, and Dill become obsessed with making Boo Radley come out. Boo Radley lives up the street from Scout and Jem, and legend has it that he never comes out of his house. Any small crimes or mysterious happenings in town are said to be his work, and rarely will anyone pass the house alone at night.Their first raid consists of a dare between Dill and Jem. He must run to the Radley house, touch it, and run back. He finally does it, but only after 3 days careful thought and much ribbing from Dill. Chapter 2 When September rolls around and Dill leaves to go back home to Meridian, Scout realizes that she's starting her first year of school. After her first day, however, she's determined not to go back. After trying to explain the complicated backgrounds of some of the county folks to the new teacher, Scout lands herself into trouble again and again, and is not quite sure how.It should be obvious, she thinks, that offering Walter Cunningham a quarter for lunch is simply not done. They don't take help from anyone, and the reason why he doesn't have a lunch is because he can't afford one. When she tries to explain this to the new teacher, however, she gets her hands slapped by a ruler. When lunchtime finally rolls around, she's grateful to get out of class and go home. Chapter 3 Scout wastes no time paying back Walter Cunningham for getting her started on the wrong foot with the new teacher. It isn't until Jem comes and stops her hat she quits tormenting him in the playground, and she nearly falls over when Jem invites the poor boy to lunch at their house. The day doesn't improve when she embarrasses Walter at the table and is forced to eat in the kitchen by Calpurnia. When she returns to school the day's drama isn't over. Miss Caroline, the teacher, is horrified to discover a cootie in the hair of Burris Ewell, a hulking, angry boy who quickly reduces Miss Caroline to tears as he slouches out of the room, his first and only day of school over.That evening Scout is weary from the day's crimes and begs Atticus not to send her back to school anymore. The fact that Miss Caroline forbade her to read and write anymore is really what's distressing her, and when Atticus strikes a deal with her that if she will concede to go back to school they'll continue reading together like always, she happily accepts. Chapter 4 As the schoolyear inches along, Scout begins to realize that she's far more educated than her peers, and even more so, perhaps, than her teacher.As construction paper and crayon Projects evolve day after day, she realizes she is just plain bored. As she walks home from school there is a huge oak tree that sits on the corner of the Radley lot. She passes it every day without incident, only one day she spots two pieces of chewing gum in a knot in the tree. After making sure it won't kill her she hastily crams it into her mouth, and Jem is furious with her when he finds out, convinced that it's poisoned by Boo Radley. During their walk home on the last day of school Scout and Jem find another treasure in the tree, this time two old, shined up pennies.When Dill arrives for the summer two days later the group resumes their obsession with Boo Radley. They create a play that reenacts Boo's life, and continue with it all summer long until they are very nearly caught by Atticus. Chapter 5 When Dill and Jem start excluding Scout from their plots she begins to spend more time with her next door neighbor, Miss Maudie Atkinson. Miss Maudie is garden obsessed, and spends her evenings reining over her front porch in the twilight. Scout gets a lot of valuable information from her about Boo Radley's past, and the reason, perhaps, why he never comes out.The next day she uncovers a major plot by Dill and Jem to pass a note to Boo Radley. Scout protests but they threaten her and before she knows it she's part of the scheme. Things proceed fairly smoothly until they're caught by Atticus, who forbids them to set one more foot on the Radley property and to leave Mr. Radley alone. Chapter 6 The last night of the summer Jem and Dill hatch the biggest plot of them all (reasoning that, if they get killed, they'll miss school instead of vacation). They decide to try and peep into one of the windows at the Radley house.When Scout (who until tonight knew nothing of the plan) starts to protest, they call her a girl and threaten to send her home. With that, she joins them. Things take a disastrous turn when Boo Radley's older brother, Mr. Nathan Radley, hears them and, thinking they're intruders, fires a shotgun. They barely make it through the fence in time and high tail it back home so they're not missed by the adults. When they step into the gathering crowd to discuss the gunshot Scout is horrified to realize that Jem is missing his pants. Dill hatches a good one and tells Atticus that he won them from Jem playing strip poker.The adults seem satisfied with the lie, and don't suspect them of causing the gunfire at the Radley place. After they slink off, Scout discovers from Jem that he lost his pants as they were scurrying through the wire fence. They got caught and he had to leave them behind or risk getting sho t. Late that night Jem decides to go after them rather than risk Mr. Nathan finding them the next morning and turning him in. Scout pleads with him not to go, but he does it anyway. When he gets back, he doesn't say a word but lies in bed, trembling. Chapter 7Jem's silence about that night lasts for a week. They both start school again, and Scout discovers that the second grade is worse than the first, and the only consolation is that now she gets to stay as late as Jem and they can walk home together. It's during this walk home one afternoon that Jem finally opens up about his sojourn trip back to the Radley place to retrieve his pants. He tells Scout that his pants were not tangled up the wire as he left them but were folded neatly on the fence post, as if someone was expecting him to come back and get them.As they approach the oak tree with the knot hole they discover a ball of twine. After waiting a few days to make sure that the knot hole is not some other child's hiding place, they take ownership of everything they find in there from here on out. The next treasure they discover in there is the figure of a boy and girl carved out of soap. They're carved to look like Scout and Jem. The next prize is an old pocket watch that doesn't run. They decide to write a letter to whomever is leaving them things, but they're shocked to discover the next day that the hole has been filled with cement.When they question Mr. Nathan Radley (Boo's brother who does leave the house) he tells them the tree was sick and he had to do it. Upon questioning Atticus, however, he tells them that tree is perfectly healthy. Chapter 8 That fall Maycomb endures the coldest snap since 1885, and Scout thinks the world is ending one morning when she wakes up and finds snow on the ground. Although it's only a dusting, Jem is determined to build his first snowman and sets out creatively making one out of dirt, and then using the precious white snow to cover it up.That night the temperature dr ops even further and all the stoves in the house are lit for warmth. Scout is awakened in the middle of the night by Atticus, who tells her Miss Maudie's house next door is on fire and they have to get out. They spend the night in front of the Radley driveway, watching the commotion. The men of Maycomb help as much as they can getting furniture out of her house while there is still time, but eventually the whole thing is up in flames. They don't go back inside the house until morning, and Scout is horrified to discover she's wrapped up in blanket and she has no idea where she got it.She almost falls over when they deduce it was Boo Radley that brought the blanket out to her in the night, and she never even knew. 7They're heartened to discover the next day that Miss Maudie is not grieving for her lost house, saying she always wanted a smaller one anyway. Chapter 9 As the school year progresses Scout begins to get teased at school over her father, atticus is called a â€Å"Nigger Def ender† and one night she asks Atticus why people are talking about him. He tells her that's he's taken on a case that affects him personally and because he is defending this man, Tom Robinson, there is a big stink about it in town.Atticus asks Scout that, no matter what she hears, she's not to get into a fight with someone over this case. True to her word, she doesn't fight, even when antagonized at school. Until Christmas. Their Uncle Jack Finch comes down from Boston, which is the good part of Christmas. The bad part is that they all have to spend Christmas day at Aunt Alexandra's house at Finch's Landing. Even worse, their cousin Francis is there, and Scout hates him. Things go smoothly until after dinner when, alone in the backyard with Scout, Francis starts calling Atticus all sorts of terrible names because he's defending a black man.Scout sails in with her fists to defend him and gets caught by Uncle Jack. She doesn't have a moment to tell her side of the story, and mom ents later they're on their way back home. She's finally able to tell her story to Uncle Jack later that night, and he apologizes for jumping all over her when he should've been punishing Francis. Chapter 10 The neighborhood excitement starts up again in February when Tim Johnson, a mangy dog owned by a man on the other side of town, is discovered walking up the street with rabies. The sheriff is called and he and Atticus drive up with a gun to shoot it.Scout and Jem watch in amazement as their father, whom they've never seen hold a gun in his life, takes aim and shoots the dog square in the head from an amazing distance. They're further shocked to discover that he is the deadest shot in Maycomb county, an accomplishment he's never bothered to mention to them since he doesn't like guns. Chapter 11 The day after Jem's 12th birthday finds the two walking into town to spend his birthday money. The downside to taking the route into town is that they have to walk past Mrs.Dubose's house, a cantankerous, bitter old woman who lives at the end of the street. She never has anything good to say to anyone, but Atticus constantly tells the two of them to ignore her foul words and treat her with courtesy and respect. Normally they're able to do this, but today their patience is pushed thin when she starts insulting Atticus's decision to defend Tom Robinson. They wait until they're on their way back home from town and suddenly Jem starts destroying Mrs. Dubose‘s flowers with Scout's baton wand, chopping them viciously off the bush and scattering them across her yard.When Atticus comes home later that evening, he knows he's in for it worse than he's ever been. Atticus makes Jem go to her house and talk with her, and when Jem returns he says that she is making him read to her everyday for the next month. When Monday comes around, Scout goes with him to keep him company, and the days drag by. When she dies a month later, Atticus informs them that Mrs. Dubose was a morphi ne addict who had decided she was not going to die addicted to the drug. Jem's afternoons of reading to her broke her from her addiction, and she was able to die in peace. Chapter 12As summer begins Scout is crushed to discover that Dill will not be joining them. When Atticus has to go out of town for two weeks, Calpurnia decides that she will take them to church with her. Aside from one woman, Jem and Scout are welcomed into the African church with open arms and they're amazed to see how different it is from their own staid church service. They're also amazed to find out that the church collection is going to Helen Robinson, Tom's wife, and the Reverend is not letting anyone leave until they've collected $10, which is what she needs each week to support her kids.Purses are scraped and pockets searched, and finally everyone comes up with enough money and the doors are opened. They also find out that Tom is in jail because he's accused of raping Bob Ewell's daughter, Mayella (who is white), which is why the entire town is in an uproar over Atticus taking on the case. When they get back home from church, they find Aunt Alexandra on the front porch swing waiting for them. Chapter 13 As Scout and Jem begin to question Aunt Alexandra, she tells them she's come to stay awhile (which could be days or years, according to Maycomb's customs).She settles in and the county welcomes her with open arms, although she certainly adds a formidable presence to Jem and Scout's daily routine. She begins trying to instruct the two on how to be a proper Finch (since they come from, in her words, a Fine Family) but both Scout and Jem have no interest in becoming a little gentleman and a little lady, and hardly bother trying to learn. Chapter 14 As life continues on with Aunty in the house, one night Scout goes to bed and steps on something soft and warm and round, which she thinks is a snake.After calling Jem in for a thorough investigation under her bed they find Dill under there, d irty and starving and still his same old self. Scout finds out that the reason why Dill ran off was because his parents just aren't interested in him, and he spends most of his days alone. He spends the night with them, uncertain what the next day will bring. Chapter 15 It is decided a week later that Dill will stay in Maycomb with his Aunt Rachel, who happens to be the Finch's neighbor. This news makes both Scout and Jem very happy. One night they're all relaxing in the living room when Mr.Heck Tate, the sheriff, comes knocking at the door with a group of men, warning Atticus that the local group of no-accounts might try to come at Tom Robinson this weekend. He is being held in the Maycomb jail. The next night Atticus mysteriously leaves the house and on a hunch Jem, Scout and Dill go looking for him in town. They finally find him reading a book on the porch at the jailhouse. Once Jem is satisfied that Atticus is ok they turn to go, but suddenly a line of cars pull up and a group o f men get out and surround the porch.Things get serious when Scout, Jem, and Dill rush into the crowd to Atticus's defense, and although he tells them to go home they don't budge. Scout realizes that these men are strangers, and that they're here to get Tom Robinson. Scout finally sees that she does know one man in the crowd, Mr. Cunningham, Walter's father, and as she tries to make conversation with him the entire group falls silent, listening to her talk about Walter and Mr. Cunningham's entailment, which Atticus is currently helping him out on. Although she doesn't realize it, she makes them all realize that they are acting barbaric and finally it's Mr.Cunningham who calls off the mob and makes everyone go home. Chapter 16 The next morning, Saturday, the whole county begins to file into town to watch Tom Robinson's trial. Jem and Scout run a constant commentary for Dill, explaining the backgrounds and tendencies of everyone that passes. After lunch they head into town themselves to watch the trial. Due to the immense crowd there's no room downstairs but Reverend Sykes, the black preacher from Calpurnia's church, gives them seats in the colored section upstairs. When they get up there and sit down, they see the first witness is Mr.Heck Tate. Chapter 17 As Atticus begins to question the sheriff, who was the one that immediately saw Mayella after she was raped, he immediately begins to find holes in his testimony that prove there is no way that Tom Robinson could have beaten and raped the girl, although at this time the jury and crowd don't really know where he's going with his questioning. All that is apparent is that Mayelle's right eye was blackened and that all around her throat was bruised, as if two strong hands had tried to strangle her.The next witness to take the stand is Mayella's father, Bob Ewell, who is poor, uneducated, and downright mean-spirited. As Atticus begins to question him, it becomes finally apparent to Jem where he's going. He suddenly sees that there is no doubt that it was Bob Ewell who beat up Mayelle and then pointed the finger at Tom. Scout still doesn't see it; however, and thinks Jem is counting his chickens before they're hatched. As she looks at the back of Tom Robinson, who is big and strong, she thinks he easily could have hurt Mayella. Chapter 18Mayella is the next to take the stand, and as Atticus questions her he begins to poke holes in her testimony as well. Finally he asks Tom Robinson to stand up so Mayella can identify him, and everyone sees that his left arm is fully 12 inches shorter than his right, and is therefore crippled and unusable. Scout finally sees that there is no way he could have choked Mayella and blacked out her right eye. It's a physical impossibility. Atticus then begins to ask her if it was really her father that beat her up but she refuses to say, and she refuses to say another word after she accuses Tom Robinson one more time.Chapter 19 The next and last witness is Tom Robin son himself. Tom tells the jury that he went into Mayella's yard lots of times to help her with little chores, and that she was always asking for his help. She once offered to pay him, but Tom declined the invitation. Since that, Tom willingly executed Mayella's chores free of charge. When he begins talking about the night of the rape he tells everyone that Mayella invited him in to do a chore and then started coming on to him, trying to kiss him, and it was her father that saw what she was trying to do through the window.Tom tried to resist Mayella without hurting her, and as soon as he could get away he took off running. He is soft-spoken and polite. But he makes the mistake of telling Mr. Gilmore that the reason he helped Mayella is because he felt sorry for her. And in those times, a black man feeling sorry for a white woman or even saying it may as well be a crime. During the cross examination by Mr. Gilmore Dill begins crying uncontrollably, so Scout takes him outside for some fresh air. Dill cannot get over how cruel Mr.Gilmore (the prosecutor) is to Tom Robinson, and another man is outside the courthouse and knows exactly why Dill is so upset. Chapter 20 The man is Mr. Dolphus Raymond, a local character who is ostracized because he married a black woman. To tone down the talk about him around the town he pretends to be a drunk, but it is really Coca Cola that is in the paper sack he carries around. He tells Dill that people can be very cruel sometimes and that it makes him sick too. Scout knows she shouldn't be out talking to this sinful man, but she finds him nice and fascinating.When they get back inside the courthouse they find Atticus in the middle of his closing statement, and Jem is convinced they're going to win the case since Tom Robinson could not have physically done what Mayella is accusing him of. Chapter 21 When they go home that evening for dinner they can hardly wait to go back to the courthouse because they don't want to miss the verdic t. They wolf down their supper and race back. The jury stays out a long time, till almost midnight, deciding on a verdict, and Scout falls asleep waiting to hear. In total the jurors were out deciding almost nine hours.Finally they come back with a verdict: guilty. Chapter 22 Jem starts to cry, and cannot believe the jury would convict Tom when it was so obvious he hadn't raped Mayella. He and Scout are both in shock. The next morning the Finches all surprised at the amount of food that was left on the back porch from black people in the community, mostly from Calpurnia's neighborhood, to tell Atticus â€Å"thank you† for defending Tom Robinson, in spite of the verdict. The children have a conversation with Miss Maudie who tells them that it wasn't just Atticus trying to help Tom Robinson.They Judge was trying, Mr. Heck Tate was trying, there were lots of people behind the scene trying. They might of lost the case, she says, but only Atticus could have kept a jury out so long deciding. In her mind, it's a baby step towards equality. Chapter 23 The next drama of the day is that Bob Ewell spits in the face of Atticus and says he'll get him back for embarrassing him so badly in court. Atticus passes it off as an empty threat, and does his best to assuage the fears of Jem and Scout, who are very worried for him. Atticus has not lost hope for Tom Robinson, either.There's still the appeal, which he's confident that they have a good chance of winning. As Jem and Scout discuss the lives and ways of Maycomb county folks after the trial, they begin to realize something disturbing about human nature, and the ways people can come up with to just be mean spirited. Jem begins to understand that the reason Boo Radley never comes out of his house is not because he can't, but is because he doesn't want to come out. Chapter 24 As September inches closer Scout is introduced to formal tea time, hosted by Aunt Alexandra, who is on a relentless campaign to teach her to be a lady.As Scout navigates through the social hour she's lost on how ladies can look so pretty and delicate, and yet trap each other with conversation, revealing an aggressiveness you can't really see except when they talk to each other. She decides she feels much more at home in her father's world. When Atticus comes home early from work and interrupts tea Scout knows something's up. She follows him into the kitchen and learns that Tom Robinson is dead. He made a break for it at the prison and was shot by the guards. Atticus enlists the help of Calpurnia to go and tell Tom's wife, Helen who is she.Scout, Miss Maudie, and Aunt Alexandra pull themselves together and rejoin the ladies at tea. Chapter 25 Jem and Dill were able to witness the sad affair of Atticus having to tell Helen that Tom is dead, as his car passed them as they were walking back from swimming at Barkers Eddy. Atticus was very gentle about it, but Helen fainted away. The town of Maycomb was interested in Toms death for about two days, and then moved on to other things. Jem tells Scout that he heard from the grapevine that Mr. Ewell was threatened them again, saying that there was one down and two to go.Jem believes that he's all talk and warns Scout not to breathe a word to Atticus, and not to worry. Chapter 26 As school starts Jem begins high school (7th grade) and Scout rarely sees him until dark. She's in 3rd grade now, and although the Radley place ceases to terrify her she still thinks about Boo, and regrets ever tormenting him the way they used to. One day in class they start talking about Adolf Hitler, and Scout discovers that her teacher, Miss Gates, hates Hitler and feels strongly that his persecution of Jews is wrong.Scout is confused about this, however, because during the summer at the trial she heard Miss Gates distinctly saying ugly things about Tom Robinson, and how this should teach them all a lesson. When she asks Jem about it, why Miss Gates can hate Hitler and yet feel Tom Robi nson's verdict is justified because he's black, Jem gets very upset and yells at her not to ever talk about that trial to him again. When she goes to Atticus for comfort he tells her that Jem is just trying to come to terms with something in his head, and when he does he'll start being himself again. Chapter 27 As October crawls forward a few things happen in town.The Judge finds a nighttime crawler in his yard but doesn't see who it is. Helen Robinson, Tom's wife, starts working for Mr. Link Deas, Tom's old employer, who offers her a job because he feels so badly about what happened to Tom. She has to go a mile out of her way to avoid the Ewell place, because each time she passes they antagonize her. When Mr. Deas finds out about it he goes over to the Ewell place and threatens Mr. Ewell to leave Helen alone. The next day Mr. Ewell follows Helen all the way to work and Mr. Deas has to chew him out again. To Aunt Alexandra, it bodes trouble.As Halloween approaches Scout learns that she will be required to participate in the school pageant, an agricultural themed production where she'll be playing the part of â€Å"Pork†. Her costume is a large ham hock fashioned out of brown cloth and chicken wire. Everyone else is too worn out to come to the night's pageant, so Scout and Jem go alone. Chapter 28 It's a really dark night, but Scout has fun playing the various games the school put on before the pageant. The entire county is there to watch the show, and Scout invariably falls asleep waiting for her part in the play and makes her entrance much too late.She's mortified, but it makes everyone laugh. Because she's so embarrassed about her performance she asks Jem to wait until most of the people have left the school before they begin walking home. As they start their journey back home in the pitch black dark, Jem begins to hear someone following them. At first they think it's their friend, Cecil, trying to scare them, but they begin to realize that it's not. Before they know what's hit them they're attacked from whomever is following them. Scout is crushed under her costume, and then Jem screams.She can't see a thing, and then things grow quiet and she realizes there are now 4 people under the tree. Scout stumbles out into the road, calling for Jem, and then sees a man walking unsteadily, carrying Jem in front of him towards their house. When she gets inside Atticus quickly calls the doctor and the Sheriff, and none of them know how badly Jem is hurt until Dr. Reynolds gets there and informs them that he's got a broken arm. Heck Tate gets there next and tells them all that Bob Ewell is lying under the tree where they were attacked, dead with a kitchen knife stuck in his ribs. Chapter 29Scout tells them all what happened leading up to the attack. The man that carried Jem into the house is still in the room with them, but he's so silent and in the shadows that they pretty much forget he's there. Heck Tate tells them that Scout's costume p robably saved her life, as there is a slash mark through the chicken wire where Bob Ewell tried to stab her. When she gets to the end of her story she realizes that the man who saved their lives, the man who carried Jem home, is Boo Radley. Chapter 30 As Dr. Reynolds starts to set Jem's arm they all head to the front porch, where Boo will be more comfortable in the shadows.Scout leads him out and sits beside him in the deepest shadow. Atticus and Heck Tate get into a battle of wills over who really killed Bob Ewell. Atticus believes Jem did it, and refuses to have the affair â€Å"hushed up† so it's hanging over Jem's head and the county has ample material for gossip. Heck Tate contends that Bob Ewell fell on his knife, and flat out refuses to tell anyone that Boo Radley killed him (which is what really happened). His reason is because he knows all the ladies of Maycomb county would be by Boo's house bringing him cakes to thank him, and he knows Boo doesn't want to be dragged into the limelight.Finally, Atticus agrees to the story, and thanks Boo for saving his children. Chapter 31 Scout leads Boo back into the house one last time so he can say goodbye to Jem, who is still sleeping, and then she walks him home. After he goes inside she stands on his front porch and realizes that she can see the entire neighborhood. She understands that all through the years Boo has watched them grow up, playing games and living their lives. She begins to understand that maybe she and Jem did give something to Boo after all. She gives him a hug and heads back home.

Notes on contracts in law

Notes on contracts in law BY Diffract In this case, a lawfully tying contract does not remain with Nathan and Dubious Connections Pity Ltd. Without any learning of the terms and conditions, Nathan, unconscious of the three-year term contract he wishes to return the product and withdraw the contract. The issue intended for this situation be if the agreement is still legitimate. Under the substance of the agreement, the legitimate rights accessible to Nathan are; the attempt to sue for 1 misrepresentation, unfair contract terms or unconscionable conduct.As indicated by Flake's Bulletin to enter the level of heir cases, obligation will Just draw in adulterations, in the event that they are (1) material, and (2) impelled the other sided. (Tipper & Wagner, 2014) However the four steps which need to be recognized in choosing whether an actionable misrepresentation exists are as emulated; Step one is that a false proclamation made. The situation being what it is in this event a false procla mation was proclaimed as John pushed a free Isis. Phone if an agreement altered. Of course, Nathan certified in the case that he will get a phone in the event that he had signed the contract. Antennas interpretation is the Isis. Phone is a complimentary gift to the contract. At this point, it is a false proclamation. ( ALIT v. KRUGER [1955] HOC 64; (1955) 94 CLC 216)5 Step two; material fact. Step two is whether the deception was proposed to and did actuate the other party to perform 6(With v Flanagan [1936] Chi 575).It is a difficult step to demonstrate as it is hard to tell whether John utilized false data about the uncommon advancement to affect Nathan into marking an agreement. However seeing that John is a sales representative, and he was well aware of Antennas exceptional hindrance, he fizzled the gained important. Agree to the vitality of a contract, realizing that the criticalness of a mediator might have had any effect, in closing Antennas definite choice. Easy to say this makes it simple to foresee that John exploited this circumstance.Step three; requires the false proclamation be straightforward to the opposite party. Dubious associations are required to equip all staff members with full training which includes a great deals pitch, great information about the item, the right hopefuls who qualify. The terms in agreement that additionally alludes to end of the contract and the creation of lawfulness. The administration Dubious associations offers might be to any persons over 18 years of age, individuals, business and organizations. The key characteristic of a sales representative is its â€Å"pitch† directly to the intended party.The last step is Inducement – to see whether the represented party made the false misrepresentation eloquent it to be untrue, whether it was real or not 7(Deere v Peek [1889]). John might not have known whether Nathan could completely understand the English dialect, and if the advancement was real, yet he carel essly did not know, and he ought to have known. SIS CAL) John and Dubious associations Pity Ltd offer of the phone contract were significant distortion, John's act of silence is an evident factor to the inducement of this case.However because of the trouble in demonstrating deformation John may contend Antennas lapse of actuality. One of the torts is deceit, depicting impossibilities to reject hazard as a distinct has not met all requirements for endeavourer his own mindset, Nathan will need to pay the full contract cost of $3120 in addition, $800 the cost of the Isis. 1 phone. The three-year term contract misunderstood outlines the infusion, where Nathan believed if the contracted ended whenever throughout this period it would be at no cost.Antennas best strategy might be an attempt to sue for actionable misrepresentation as the rejection provision will not incorporate. Likewise if the realities of the case show deceit there is a much higher possibility of winning the case and acce pting harms. The actualities of the case indicate a significant deception because of the inducement of silence, this incited Nathan into the agreement, involved deceit. In this event, utilizing the advice for Nathan on the legitimate rights that he had and what ours of action to take, actionable misrepresentation will be highly recommended.The remedy for actionable misrepresentation is rescission – the perception may set aside, and the social occasions restored to their positions before the ascension – by the innocent party. UNFAIR CONTRACT TEEMS Another alternative that Nathan may come across to sue for is contractual terms which have the potential to be unfair. In choosing whether a term in a standard structure buyer contract is unjustifiable, the court will apply the three components which test for unfairness. The analysis intended for injustice, under s. Big of the ASIA ACTA, states that a term of a consumer contract is out of line in the event that: Overlooks a cr itical lopsidedness reason through the parties civil privileges as well as commitments emerging under the agreement and; Is not sensibly imperative to guarantee the genuine redirections of the gathering who would subsist benefit by means of the term and; Who of which is determined to create impediment (either budgetary or overall) to a party in the event it was too depended on or connected.These three factors of the unfairness test must be demonstrated, on the offset of rehabilitates, to exist for the court to choose that a term is unfair 10. Antennas first claim in an try to sue for unfairness through the ‘balance of probabilities' is whether he comprehended the agreement he would have the capacity to predict the additional cost involved. As opposed to John, if he did the math, he would acknowledge Nathan ‘meager allowance' can barely take care of the expense of the three-year term contract yet alone surcharges upon this contract.Surely, to be qualified for a phone plan a need to have a stable salary is vital for any human being. A wise sales representative will be prudent enough to realize that Nathan was not a suitable customer for his product. The significant imbalance is plainly highlighted constraining Antennas authorization. Despite the fact that the terms may have unveiled in the record, Nathan was not given any genuine opportunity to arrange the terms of the agreement.Nathan may try to prove that he was extremely distressed when he received the monthly phone bill from Dubious Connections Pity Ltd and had to find other means to be able to honor that contract. Also, he may have been distressed when he found out he had o pay $3120 to terminate the contract with an additional cost $800 for the Isis. 1 phone. The most difficult thing in claiming unfairness for consumer contract term is whether a particular term is unfair with regards to all relevant circumstances.The best venture for Nathan would be to rescind the contract; It is, however, not sufficient it may be grant. UNCONSCIONABLE CONDUCT On the other hand under the Australian Consumer Law states; when managing different organizations or clients, organizations should not participate in unconscionable behavior. Unconscionable managing over see's the behavior of the arty that is stronger in endeavoring in the direction of achievement or hold the individuals profit under a ‘special disadvantage' in the circumstances where it is not reliable with great value that he does so. 1 (Lexis's, 2014) The court typically accepts that the gatherings to an agreement are comparable, containing equivalent bartering force. However an agreement is unconscionable (Commercial bank of Australia v Maida) if: 1) One party has super bartering force 2) The other party has the outstanding potential/ unique detriments, such as education issue or the absence of the ability to speak English. ) The parties enter to take it or leave it contract. Nathan must demonstrate that the agreement has breached.The principal approach to check whether it has; is by checking whether any of the express terms have ruptured, as the agreement was a contract of purchase it would Just hold terms identifying with buy, deal, guarantees and the rejection condition. Where no express terms have ruptured the next step might be to check whether any of the intimate terms has breached. Initially, the implied term that has breached is the term of the ability to speak English. An individual required to have a 12†³special disadvantage† remembering the final objective to be weak to unconscionable behavior.This visualized conditions which genuinely influenced the experience of the person to make a Judgment as to his best interest. However, for this situation, the deals illustrative of Dubious associations did not try to recognize whether his client experienced any extraordinary impediment. 13 (AC v Lug Distributors Pity Ltd, deckhand and Eng, 2013) Nathan was not mindful of the distortion be fore the agreement and any investigation made by Nathan might not eave uncovered the imperfection.The term of ‘special disadvantage' has plainly breached. The following implied term that has breached is: Unconscionable conduct under section 21 of the Commonwealth Consolidated Acts. In the event that John is having knowledge that Nathan possesses an event of exceptional impediment in connection to the planned deal, so that Nathan cannot make a Judgment in respect to what is in his premiums, exploits his predominant dealing authority as a result of going into the agreement, Antennas behavior by this manner is unconscionable.Furthermore if, as opposed to containing real information of that event, John is mindful of the probability that the event may possibly subsist otherwise is mindful of actualities which might cause plausibility with the intelligence of any sensible human being, the outcome will be the alike. 14(Business bank of Australia v Maida) Antennas experience as to the contract was a free telephone which he can return at whichever point. Whether Nathan is treat with the knowledge of the probability viable discussed or as have taken in of substances that may accumulate that conceivability up the intelligence of any sensible individual.The relentless conclusion subsist to facilitate John was at risk of unconscionable lead, by entering into the understanding exclusive of uncovering essential information that may have enabled the respondents to structure a ruling designed for there selves, also with no guaranteeing with the aim of receiving free exhortation. (Business bank of Australia v Maida) As expected that Nathan explained to the sales representative, he needed a mobile phone and queried as to whether it would accommodate to make phone calls abroad.Anticipating John answered with a positive manner; Nathan depended on the sales preventative information and along these lines marked the agreement 1 5(David Jones Ltd v Wills [1934] 52 CLC 110). Howe ver John was mindful he knew nothing about the agreement, where he did not try to clarify the abundance cost in preceding this agreement. The Trade Practices Catch does not permit prohibited terms under section 68. On the off chance that any term of the agreement that indicates to prohibit, confine or alter or has the impact of barring limiting or changing areas of the Trade Practices Act is void.

Counseling an Addict

Counseling an Addict Introduction Treatment of substance abuse is a complex process that involves research and proper knowledge of the subject or victim of drug abuse. Reflectively, the process is intrinsic of background research, establishing current dynamics, and designing the right treatment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling an Addict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly explore on the importance of examining family history in prescribing treatment for substance addiction. Besides, the paper explores the effects of addiction on development of children. In addition, the treatise offers a comparison between the behavior of ‘a child of an addict’ and ‘an adult child of an addict’ in order to establish appropriate approaches for offering counseling for each of these cases. Importance of Family History/Dynamics in Treatment of an Addiction Human beings fu nction on thoughts, behavior, and feelings which are part of the building blocks of a family. Every substance addict belongs to a family. In order to offer a comprehensive family therapy treatment of a substance addict, it is important to establish the state and history of the family, so validate the possible effects of disorders such as social stigma, parent neglect, and general misunderstandings which push a member to resort to substance abuse. For instance, domineering mothers or despondent guardian are likely to create an environment of anxiety and low self esteem among their children and eventually dispose them to substance abuse. Besides, a long history of overindulgence in alcoholism, crime, and aggressiveness in parents is likely to motivate low tolerance to distracters and frustrations among children.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, the children may be come poor in stress management, communication, and easily influenced by peers into substance abuse (American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress 2010). When this is unchecked, addiction may take control of the life of such an individual. Family dynamics are critical in understanding the origin and persistence of an addiction to substance such as alcohol and other drugs. Thus, understanding these dynamics may facilitate prescription of the right treatment for an addiction within the most appropriate method. For instance, in a family that is a victim of alcohol addiction, issues such as lack of support from either of the partners and personality variances are mostly blamed for the addiction (Craig 2004). In most instances, a father addicted to alcohol blames the nagging or abusive nature of the wife as the sole instigator of his addiction. On the other hand, the wife would portion blame to irresponsibility, insensitivity, lack of support, and indecisiveness. As opined by Savage and White (2001), â€Å"neurotic, sexually repressed, dependent, man-hating, domineering, mothering, guilty and masochistic, and/or hostile and nagging† (2001) partner would likely influence an addiction as a coping strategy. Thus, by offering treatment that incorporate counseling of such a family will facilitate quick recovery. Before administering a treatment, the counselor will have a clear picture of the situation rather than making assumptions that may not hold (American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress 2010). Understanding these psychopathologies of a family may facilitate establishment of the reasons for certain behavior of an addict in order to design a well research treatment that not only help the addict but also offer coping strategies for the affected family (Craig 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling an Addict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How an Addiction Interrupts Developmen t of Children Child development depends on several factors. These factors include love, caring, provision of basic needs, and security. Reflectively, an addiction of a parent or guardian is likely to put children at a glaring risk of total behavioral, emotional, mental, and social development of child physical and psychological aspects of growth (American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress 2010). More often, these children are exposed to physical violence and they witness abuse of a spouse which expose then to trauma. Thus, â€Å"despite the fact that friends can be a buffer for the problems at home, some COAs/COSAs have a limited social life. They may avoid bringing home friends, or going out in public with their parents. They may even shy away from making friends, because they lack basic social skills or out of a profound fear that someone will find out the truth† (American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, 2010, par. 6). Children exposed to an addicted parent, gu ardian, or relative are likely to become victims of sexual abuse and may be obliged to coping strategies such as fear, lack of confidence, and trauma that have negative effects on their growth. Moreover, most of these children are vulnerable to depression, eating disorders, and even unending anxiety that is associated with â€Å"advanced opposition defiant disorder (ODD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)† (American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress 2010, par. 9) which is associated with poor physical and psychological development of children. Comparison Between â€Å"A Child of an Addict† and â€Å"An Adult Child of an Addict† There are similarities and differences in response to an addiction for a child of an addict and an adult child of an addict as indicated below.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Child of an addict Adult child of an Addict Poor physical health Poor physical and psychological health Always anxious, indifferent and weak Traumatized, fearful and irresponsive among peers Depression and eating disorders that may lead to allergies and other dietary complications Violent and often have series of unbecoming behaviors such as rudeness, un-accommodative, and dismissive Prone to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in classroom and other social places (ICF International 2009) Prone to advanced opposition defiant disorder (ODD) characterized by rebellion without justifiable reasons Very secretive and constant low mood due to fear of rejection in self expression Have a lot of hatred and seclusion in intellectual discourse due to fear of having a divergent opinion from peers (ICF International 2009) Approaches of Working with these Children Child of an addict Adult child of an Addict Offering incentives such as rewards and constant motivati on to the child in all activities to restore confidence in the child (ICF International 2009) Offering guidance on technical activities and initiating discussions with the aim of sharing with other children on challenges that face them in their families Offering activities and lessons that aim to restore confidence in the child, and offering protection in addition to listening to his or her demands and problems Registering the child to anger, stress, anxiety management classes or any other necessary that aim at internalizing coping strategies Offering constant parental care that the child may be lacking Offering psychological support through initiating interesting topics that relaxes the mind of such a child (ICF International 2009) The Poor Child Case Study This family is faced with the issue of alcoholism. Josh and the mother have to live with depression due to alcoholism. Despite being successful, the father is a non-supportive alcoholic person. The risk factors Josh face include threat of psychological torture, broken communication and possible neglect by the father. If Josh’s mother approaches me for a therapy, I will subject her to proactive counseling. If I am approached to help Josh, I will endeavor to offer him learning and coping skills that are geared towards improving self esteem. In order to change the dynamics of this family, I will apply collective counseling since alcoholism strains is affecting the whole family. References American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress. (2010). Effects of Parental Substance Abuse on Children and Families. Web. Craig, R. (2004). Counseling the Alcohol and Drug Dependent Client: A Practical Approach. New York: Prentice Hall. ICF International. (2009). Protecting Children in Families Affected by Substance Use Disorders. Web. White, W., Savage, B. (2001). All in the Family: Addiction, Recovery, and Advocacy. Web.